Vaping is often promoted as a safer alternative to smoking, but concerns remain about its long-term health effects, particularly its potential to cause cancer. This article examines the current evidence on vaping and its link to cancer, focusing on the chemicals in e-liquids, aerosols, and the broader implications for public health.

1. Chemicals in Vaping Aerosols

E-cigarettes produce an aerosol by heating a liquid that typically contains:

• Nicotine: While not directly carcinogenic, nicotine can promote tumour growth and reduce the body’s ability to repair damaged cells.

• Flavourings: Some flavouring agents, especially those used in sweet or dessert-flavoured e-liquids, can release harmful chemicals when heated.

• Toxic Substances: Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein are toxic compounds found in vaping aerosols. These chemicals are known carcinogens that can damage DNA and increase cancer risk.

2. Comparing Vaping to Smoking

Vaping significantly reduces exposure to harmful substances compared to traditional smoking. Cigarette smoke contains over 7,000 chemicals, many of which are proven carcinogens. Vaping eliminates combustion, which is the primary source of these toxins.

• Reduced Risk: While vaping is less harmful than smoking, it is not completely safe. Regular exposure to chemicals in vaping aerosols may still pose a risk over time.

• Unknown Long-Term Effects: Since vaping is a relatively new phenomenon, long-term studies on its cancer risk are still ongoing.

3. Research on Vaping and Cancer

3.1. Early Studies
Preliminary studies suggest that prolonged exposure to e-cigarette vapour can lead to DNA damage and cellular changes associated with cancer. However, these findings are based on laboratory models and animal studies, which may not fully represent human use.

3.2. Human Data
Limited human studies show that vaping can cause irritation and inflammation in the respiratory system. These conditions may increase susceptibility to diseases, including cancer, over time.

3.3. EVALI and Contaminated Products
Cases of e-cigarette or vaping-associated lung injury (EVALI) highlight the dangers of using contaminated or unregulated products. Illegal THC cartridges and additives like vitamin E acetate have been linked to severe lung damage, underscoring the importance of using reputable vaping products.

4. Minimising Risks

If you choose to vape, consider these steps to reduce potential risks:

• Use Reputable Brands: Only purchase e-liquids and devices from trusted manufacturers that comply with safety regulations.

• Avoid High Temperatures: Overheating e-liquids can release more toxic by-products. Follow the recommended wattage range for your device.

• Reduce Nicotine Levels: Gradually lowering nicotine intake can reduce dependency and its associated risks.

• Avoid Sweet Flavours: Flavours like cinnamon or buttery profiles may release harmful compounds when heated.

5. The Role of Public Health Campaigns

Public health organisations continue to monitor the long-term effects of vaping and educate the public about its risks. While vaping may help smokers quit, non-smokers and young people are advised to avoid starting altogether.

Conclusion

While vaping carries a lower cancer risk than smoking, it is not entirely risk-free. The chemicals in e-liquids and aerosols can cause cellular damage, potentially leading to long-term health issues. Choosing high-quality products, using them responsibly, and staying informed about ongoing research can help minimise risks and support healthier choices.